A comprehensive list of books that might be of interest to people whom want to, or do practice SE.
They can also work as book recommendations for people whom you have spoken to, that want to read something that might improve their thinking or as gifts.
I have not read most of these, thus I can not personally vouch for them or recommend one over the other.
But if you do read any of them, or have any opinion it would be nice if you could create a post.
I'm not affiliated with Goodreads, but linked to them since they have links to several sources including libraries if you want to get any one of these, and often some quality reviews.
How to Have Impossible Conversations: A Very Practical Guide https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/43885240-how-to-have-impossible-conversations by Peter Boghossian (Goodreads Author), James A. Lindsay (Goodreads Author)
3.99 · Rating details · 928 ratings
"This is a self-help book on how to argue effectively, conciliate, and gently persuade. The authors admit to getting it wrong in their own past conversations. One by one, I recognize the same mistakes in me. The world would be a better place if everyone read this book." -- Richard Dawkins, author of Science in the Soul and Outgrowing God
In our current political climate, it seems impossible to have a reasonable conversation with anyone who has a different opinion. Whether you're online, in a classroom, an office, a town hall -- or just hoping to get through a family dinner with a stubborn relative -- dialogue shuts down when perspectives clash. Heated debates often lead to insults and shaming, blocking any possibility of productive discourse. Everyone seems to be on a hair trigger.
In How to Have Impossible Conversations, Peter Boghossian and James Lindsay guide you through the straightforward, practical, conversational techniques necessary for every successful conversation -- whether the issue is climate change, religious faith, gender identity, race, poverty, immigration, or gun control. Boghossian and Lindsay teach the subtle art of instilling doubts and opening minds. They cover everything from learning the fundamentals for good conversations to achieving expert-level techniques to deal with hardliners and extremists. This book is the manual everyone needs to foster a climate of civility, connection, and empathy.
Difficult Conversations: How to Discuss What Matters Most by Douglas Stone, Bruce Patton, Sheila Heen
4.10 · Rating details · 12,354 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/774088.Difficult_Conversations Whether you're dealing with an under performing employee, disagreeing with your spouse about money or child-rearing, negotiating with a difficult client, or simply saying "no," or "I'm sorry," or "I love you," we attempt or avoid difficult conversation every day. Based on fifteen years of research at the Harvard Negotiation Project, Difficult Conversations walks you through a step-by-step proven approach to having your toughest conversations with less stress and more success.
You will learn: -- how to start the conversation without defensiveness -- why what is not said is as important as what is -- ways of keeping and regaining your balance in the face of attacks and accusations -- how to decipher the underlying structure of every difficult conversation
Filled with examples from everyday life, Difficult Conversations will help you on your job, at home, or out of the world. It is a book you will turn to again and again for advice, practical skills, and reassurance.
The Thinker's Guide to Socratic Questioning by Dr. Linda Elder
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/7276284-the-thinker-s-guide-to-socratic-questioning Focuses on the mechanics of Socratic dialogue, on the conceptual tools that critical thinking brings to Socratic dialogue, and on the importance of questioning in cultivating the disciplined mind.
About author:
Dr. Linda Elder is an educational psychologist and a prominent authority on critical thinking. She is President of the Foundation for Critical Thinking and Executive Director of the Center for Critical Thinking.
From a review:
"...it is primarily a set of instructions detailing how to lead a Socratic dialog among (different ages of) K-12 students."
-Feliks
A Manual for Creating Atheists by Peter Boghossian (Goodreads Author), Michael Shermer (Foreword) 3.93 · Rating details · 1,983 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17937621-a-manual-for-creating-atheists For thousands of years, the faithful have honed proselytizing strategies and talked people into believing the truth of one holy book or another. Indeed, the faithful often view converting others as an obligation of their faith—and are trained from an early age to spread their unique brand of religion. The result is a world broken in large part by unquestioned faith. As an urgently needed counter to this tried-and-true tradition of religious evangelism, A Manual for Creating Atheists offers the first-ever guide not for talking people into faith—but for talking them out of it. Peter Boghossian draws on the tools he has developed and used for more than twenty years as a philosopher and educator to teach how to engage the faithful in conversations that will help them value reason and rationality, cast doubt on their religious beliefs, mistrust their faith, abandon superstition, and irrationality, and ultimately embrace reason.
The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths by Michael Shermer 3.93 · Rating details · 6,985 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/9754534-the-believing-brain The Believing Brain is bestselling author Michael Shermer's comprehensive and provocative theory on how beliefs are born, formed, reinforced, challenged, changed, and extinguished.
In this work synthesizing thirty years of research, psychologist, historian of science, and the world's best-known skeptic Michael Shermer upends the traditional thinking about how humans form beliefs about the world. Simply put, beliefs come first and explanations for beliefs follow. The brain, Shermer argues, is a belief engine. From sensory data flowing in through the senses, the brain naturally begins to look for and find patterns, and then infuses those patterns with meaning. Our brains connect the dots of our world into meaningful patterns that explain why things happen, and these patterns become beliefs. Once beliefs are formed the brain begins to look for and find confirmatory evidence in support of those beliefs, which accelerates the process of reinforcing them, and round and round the process goes in a positive-feedback loop of belief confirmation. Shermer outlines the numerous cognitive tools our brains engage to reinforce our beliefs as truths.
Interlaced with his theory of belief, Shermer provides countless real-world examples of how this process operates, from politics, economics, and religion to conspiracy theories, the supernatural, and the paranormal. Ultimately, he demonstrates why science is the best tool ever devised to determine whether or not a belief matches reality.
Critical Thinking: Tools for Taking Charge of Your Professional and Personal Life by Richard Paul,Linda Elder 3.93 · Rating details · 1,082 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17296839-critical-thinking Critical Thinking is about becoming a better thinker in every aspect of your life: in your career, and as a consumer, citizen, friend, parent, and lover. Discover the core skills of effective thinking; then analyze your own thought processes, identify weaknesses, and overcome them. Learn how to translate more effective thinking into better decisions, less frustration, more wealth Ñ and above all, greater confidence to pursue and achieve your most important goals in life.
The Thinker's Guide to Analytic Thinking by Linda Elder,Richard Paul
3.89 · Rating details · 163 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/19227921-the-thinker-s-guide-to-analytic-thinking This guide focuses on the intellectual skills that enable one to analyze anything one might think about - questions, problems, disciplines, subjects, etc. It provides the common denominator between all forms of analysis.
It is based on the assumption that all reasoning can be taken apart and analyzed for quality.
This guide introduces the elements of reasoning as implicit in all reasoning. It begins with this idea - that whenever we think, we think for a purpose, within a point of view, based on assumptions, leading to implications and consequences. We use data, facts and experiences (information), to make inferences and judgments,based on concepts and theories to answer a question or solve a problem. Thus the elements of thought are: purpose, questions, information, inferences, assumptions, concepts, implications and point of view. In this guide, authors Linda Elder and Richard Paul explain, exemplify and contextualize these elements or structures of thought, showing the importance of analyzing reasoning in every part of human life. This guide can be used as a supplement to any text or course at the college level; and it may be used for improving thinking in personal and professional life.
The Thinker's Guide to Intellectual Standards by Linda Elder, Richard Paul
4.19 · Rating details · 16 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/19017637-the-thinker-s-guide-to-intellectual-standards Humans routinely assess thinking – their own thinking, and that of others, and yet they don’t necessarily use standards for thought that are reasonable, rational, sound.
To think well, people need to routinely meet intellectual standards, standards of clarity, precision, accuracy, relevance, depth, logic, fairness, significance, and so forth.
In this guide authors Elder and Paul offer a brief analysis of some of the most important intellectual standards in the English language. They look at the opposites of these standards. They argue for their contextualization within subjects and disciplines. And, they call attention to the forces that undermine their skilled use in thinking well. At present intellectual standards tend to be either taught implicitly, or ignored in instruction. Yet because they are essential to high quality reasoning in every part of human life, they should be explicitly taught and explicitly understood.
The Truth Seeker’s Handbook: A Science-Based Guide by Gleb Tsipursky (Goodreads Author) 4.24 · Rating details · 63 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/36800752-the-truth-seeker-s-handbook How do you know whether something is true? How do you convince others to believe the facts?
Research shows that the human mind is prone to making thinking errors - predictable mistakes that cause us to believe comfortable lies over inconvenient truths. These errors leave us vulnerable to making decisions based on false beliefs, leading to disastrous consequences for our personal lives, relationships, careers, civic and political engagement, and for our society as a whole.
Fortunately, cognitive and behavioral scientists have uncovered many useful strategies for overcoming our mental flaws.
This book presents a variety of research-based tools for ensuring that our beliefs are aligned with reality.
With examples from daily life and an engaging style, the book will provide you with the skills to avoid thinking errors and help others to do so, preventing disasters and facilitating success for yourself, those you care about, and our society.
On Being Certain: Believing You Are Right Even When You're Not by Robert A. Burton 3.90 · Rating details · 2,165 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2740964-on-being-certain You recognize when you know something for certain, right? You "know" the sky is blue, or that the traffic light had turned green, or where you were on the morning of September 11, 2001--you know these things, well, because you just do. In On Being Certain, neurologist Robert Burton challenges the notions of how we think about what we know.
He shows that the feeling of certainty we have when we "know" something comes from sources beyond our control and knowledge.
In fact, certainty is a mental sensation, rather than evidence of fact.
Because this "feeling of knowing" seems like confirmation of knowledge, we tend to think of it as a product of reason.
But an increasing body of evidence suggests that feelings such as certainty stem from primitive areas of the brain, and are independent of active, conscious reflection and reasoning. The feeling of knowing happens to us; we cannot make it happen. Bringing together cutting edge neuroscience, experimental data, and fascinating anecdotes, Robert Burton explores the inconsistent and sometimes paradoxical relationship between our thoughts and what we actually know.
Provocative and groundbreaking, On Being Certain, will challenge what you know (or think you know) about the mind, knowledge, and reason.
Asking the Right Questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking by M. Neil Browne, Stuart M. Keeley
3.94 · Rating details · 1,290 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/394398.Asking_the_Right_Questions The habits and attitudes associated with critical thinking are transferable to consumer, medical, legal, and general ethical choices. When our surgeon says surgery is needed, it can be life sustaining to seek answers to the critical questions encouraged in Asking the Right Questions This popular book helps bridge the gap between simply memorizing or blindly accepting information, and the greater challenge of critical analysing the things we are told and read. It gives strategies for responding to alternative points of view and will help readers develop a solid foundation for making personal choices about what to accept and what to reject.
On Truth by Simon Blackburn 3.60 · Rating details · 62 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/36722220-on-truth Truth is not just a recent topic of contention. Arguments about it have gone on for centuries. Why is the truth important? Who decides what the truth is? Is there such a thing as objective, eternal truth, or is truth simply a matter of perspective, of linguistic or cultural vantage point?
In this concise book Simon Blackburn provides an accessible explanation of what truth is and how we might think about it.
The first half of the book details several main approaches to how we should think about, and decide, what is true.
These are philosophical theories of truth such as the correspondence theory, the coherence theory, deflationism, and others.
He then examines how those approaches relate to truth in several contentious domains: art, ethics, reasoning, religion, and the interpretation of texts.
Blackburn's overall message is that truth is often best thought of not as a product or an end point that is 'finally' achieved, but--as the American pragmatist thinkers thought of it--as an ongoing process of inquiry. The result is an accessible and tour through some of the deepest and thorniest questions philosophy has ever tackled
Thinking, Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman
4.16 · Rating details · 317,352 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/11468377-thinking-fast-and-slow?ac=1&from_search=true&qid=ZNhf1bAIxd&rank=1 In the highly anticipated Thinking, Fast and Slow, Kahneman takes us on a groundbreaking tour of the mind and explains the two systems that drive the way we think. System 1 is fast, intuitive, and emotional; System 2 is slower, more deliberative, and more logical. Kahneman exposes the extraordinary capabilities—and also the faults and biases—of fast thinking, and reveals the pervasive influence of intuitive impressions on our thoughts and behavior. The impact of loss aversion and overconfidence on corporate strategies, the difficulties of predicting what will make us happy in the future, the challenges of properly framing risks at work and at home, the profound effect of cognitive biases on everything from playing the stock market to planning the next vacation—each of these can be understood only by knowing how the two systems work together to shape our judgments and decisions.
Engaging the reader in a lively conversation about how we think, Kahneman reveals where we can and cannot trust our intuitions and how we can tap into the benefits of slow thinking.
He offers practical and enlightening insights into how choices are made in both our business and our personal lives—and how we can use different techniques to guard against the mental glitches that often get us into trouble. Thinking, Fast and Slow will transform the way you think about thinking.
Before You Know It: The Unconscious Reasons We Do What We Do by John A. Bargh (Goodreads Author)
3.97 · Rating details · 788 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/35011639-before-you-know-it Dr. John Bargh, the world’s leading expert on the unconscious mind, presents a “brilliant and convincing book” (Malcolm Gladwell) cited as an outstanding read of 2017 by Business Insider and The Financial Times—giving us an entirely new understanding of the hidden mental processes that secretly govern every aspect of our behavior.
For more than three decades, Dr. John Bargh has conducted revolutionary research into the unconscious mind, research featured in bestsellers like Blink and Thinking Fast and Slow. Now, in what Dr. John Gottman said was “the most important and exciting book in psychology that has been written in the past twenty years,” Dr. Bargh takes us on an entertaining and enlightening tour of the forces that affect everyday behavior while transforming our understanding of ourselves in profound ways.
Dr. Bargh takes us into his labs at New York University and Yale—where he and his colleagues have discovered how the unconscious guides our behavior, goals, and motivations in areas like race relations, parenting, business, consumer behavior, and addiction.
With infectious enthusiasm he reveals what science now knows about the pervasive influence of the unconscious mind in who we choose to date or vote for, what we buy, where we live, how we perform on tests and in job interviews, and much more.
Because the unconscious works in ways we are completely unaware of, Before You Know It is full of surprising and entertaining revelations as well as useful tricks to help you remember items on your to-do list, to shop smarter, and to sleep better.
Before You Know It is “a fascinating compendium of landmark social-psychology research” (Publishers Weekly) and an introduction to a fabulous world that exists below the surface of your awareness and yet is the key to knowing yourself and unlocking new ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/38315.Fooled_by_Randomness by Nassim Nicholas Taleb 4.07 · Rating details · 49,010 ratings
Fooled by Randomness is a standalone book in Nassim Nicholas Taleb’s landmark Incerto series, an investigation of opacity, luck, uncertainty, probability, human error, risk, and decision-making in a world we don’t understand.
Philosophy books Epistemology by Richard Feldman 3.84 · Rating details · 182 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/387295.Epistemology Sophisticated yet accessible and easy to read, this introduction to contemporary philosophical questions about knowledge and rationality goes beyond the usual bland survey of the major current views to show that there is argument involved. Throughout, the author provides a fair and balanced blending of the standard positions on epistemology with his own carefully reasoned positions or stances into the analysis of each concept. KEY TOPICS: Epistemological Questions. The Traditional Analysis of Knowledge. Modifying the Traditional Analysis of Knowledge. Evidentialist Theories of Justification. Non-evidentialist Theories of Knowledge and Justification. Skepticism. Epistemology and Science. Relativism.
Problems of Knowledge: A Critical Introduction to Epistemology by Michael J. Williams
3.79 · Rating details · 86 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/477904.Problems_of_Knowledge "What is epistemology or 'the theory of knowledge'? Why does it matter? What makes theorizing about knowledge 'philosophical'? And why do some philosophers argue that epistemology - perhaps even philosophy itself - is dead?" "
In this introduction, Michael Williams answers these questions, showing how epistemological theorizing is sensitive to a range of questions about the nature, limits, methods, and value of knowing.
He pays special attention to the challenge of philosophical scepticism: does our 'knowledge' rest on brute assumptions? Does the rational outlook undermine itself?"
Williams explains and criticizes all the main contemporary philosophical perspectives on human knowledge, such as foundationalism, the coherence theory, and 'naturalistic' theories. As an alternative to all of them, he defends his distinctive contextualist approach.
As well as providing an accessible introduction for any reader approaching the subject for the first time, this book incorporates Williams's own ideas which will be of interest to all philosophers concerned with the theory of knowledge.
Epistemology: A Contemporary Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge by Robert Audi
3.54 · Rating details · 176 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/477976.Epistemology This comprehensive book introduces the concepts and theories central for understanding knowledge. It aims to reach students who have already done an introductory philosophy course. Topics covered include perception and reflection as grounds of knowledge, and the nature, structure, and varieties of knowledge. The character and scope of knowledge in the crucial realms of ethics, science and religion are also considered. Unique features of Epistemology:
- Provides a comprehensive survey of basic concepts and major theories
- Gives an up-to-date account of important developments in the field
- Contains many lucid examples to support ideas
- Cites key literature in an annotated bibliography.
The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/14829260-the-oxford-handbook-of-thinking-and-reasoning by Keith J. Holyoak (Editor), Robert G. Morrison (Editor)
4.08 · Rating details · 12 ratings
Thinking and reasoning, long the academic province of philosophy, have over the past century emerged as core topics of empirical investigation and theoretical analysis in the modern fields of cognitive psychology, cognitive science, and cognitive neuroscience. Formerly seen as too complicated and amorphous to be included in early textbooks on the science of cognition, the study of thinking and reasoning has since taken off, brancing off in a distinct direction from the field from which it originated.
The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning is a comprehensive and authoritative handbook covering all the core topics of the field of thinking and reasoning.
Written by the foremost experts from cognitive psychology, cognitive science, and cognitive neuroscience, individual chapters summarize basic concepts and findings for a major topic, sketch its history, and give a sense of the directions in which research is currently heading.
Chapters include introductions to foundational issues and methods of study in the field, as well as treatment of specific types of thinking and reasoning and their application in a broad range of fields including business, education, law, medicine, music, and science.
The volume will be of interest to scholars and students working in developmental, social and clinical psychology, philosophy, economics, artificial intelligence, education, and linguistics.
Feminist Epistemologies (Thinking Gender) by Linda Martín Alcoff, Elizabeth Potter 4.14 · Rating details · 43 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/477960.Feminist_Epistemologies Noticed this review by an evangelical:
"I have found this an immensely suggestive book, collecting as it does essays from both prominent and rising figures in feminist philosophy of knowledge--albeit from about two decades ago. I am struck by how little impact feminist thought, even of this high and generally temperate quality, has had on evangelical theology, to the shame of my guild."
-John
The Invisible Gorilla: And Other Ways Our Intuitions Deceive Us by Christopher Chabris, Daniel Simons 3.91 Rating details · 13,537 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/7783191-the-invisible-gorilla Reading this book will make you less sure of yourself—and that’s a good thing. In The Invisible Gorilla, Christopher Chabris and Daniel Simons, creators of one of psychology’s most famous experiments, use remarkable stories and counterintuitive scientific findings to demonstrate an important truth: Our minds don’t work the way we think they do. We think we see ourselves and the world as they really are, but we’re actually missing a whole lot.
Again and again, we think we experience and understand the world as it is, but our thoughts are beset by everyday illusions. We write traffic laws and build criminal cases on the assumption that people will notice when something unusual happens right in front of them. We’re sure we know where we were on 9/11, falsely believing that vivid memories are seared into our minds with perfect fidelity. And as a society, we spend billions on devices to train our brains because we’re continually tempted by the lure of quick fixes and effortless self-improvement.
The Invisible Gorilla reveals the myriad ways that our intuitions can deceive us, but it’s much more than a catalog of human failings. Chabris and Simons explain why we succumb to these everyday illusions and what we can do to inoculate ourselves against their effects. Ultimately, the book provides a kind of x-ray vision into our own minds, making it possible to pierce the veil of illusions that clouds our thoughts and to think clearly for perhaps the first time.
The Honest Truth About Dishonesty: How We Lie to Everyone - Especially Ourselves by Dan Ariely 3.94 · Rating details · 13,620 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/13426114-the-honest-truth-about-dishonesty The New York Times bestselling author of Predictably Irrational and The Upside of Irrationality returns with thought-provoking work to challenge our preconceptions about dishonesty and urge us to take an honest look at ourselves.
Does the chance of getting caught affect how likely we are to cheat? How do companies pave the way for dishonesty? Does collaboration make us more honest or less so? Does religion improve our honesty?
Most of us think of ourselves as honest, but, in fact, we all cheat.
From Washington to Wall Street, the classroom to the workplace, unethical behavior is everywhere. None of us is immune, whether it's the white lie to head off trouble or padding our expense reports. In The (Honest) Truth About Dishonesty, award-winning, bestselling author Dan Ariely turns his unique insight and innovative research to the question of dishonesty.
Generally, we assume that cheating, like most other decisions, is based on a rational cost-benefit analysis.
But Ariely argues, and then demonstrates, that it's actually the irrational forces that we don't take into account that often determine whether we behave ethically or not.
For every Enron or political bribe, there are countless puffed résumés, hidden commissions, and knockoff purses. In The (Honest) Truth About Dishonesty, Ariely shows why some things are easier to lie about; how getting caught matters less than we think; and how business practices pave the way for unethical behavior, both intentionally and unintentionally. Ariely explores how unethical behavior works in the personal, professional, and political worlds, and how it affects all of us, even as we think of ourselves as having high moral standards.
But all is not lost. Ariely also identifies what keeps us honest, pointing the way for achieving higher ethics in our everyday lives. With compelling personal and academic findings, The (Honest) Truth About Dishonesty will change the way we see ourselves, our actions, and others.
How to Stop Believing in Hell: a Schizophrenic's Religious Experience: Intellectual Honesty and Hallucinations - A Memoir by Robert Clayton Kimball
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/22020049-how-to-stop-believing-in-hell it was amazing 5.00 · Rating details · 1 rating Kirkus Reviews:
“…Kimball’s debut explores his hallucinatory religious mania, from his early childhood onward, beginning when he attended Catholic school. The early pages guide readers through narratives of his uncomfortable childhood traumas, sometimes in ugly detail…. Various other moments of shame revolved around school. Finding sex repugnant and sinful, he decided early on to remain celibate; he avoided sex until his eventual institutionalization. Meanwhile, hallucinatory monsters—including Lorus, “a turbulent face, golden like the comedy mask…”—and company pushed him away from religion, though he did convert to Pentecostalism in spite of them. Through this process, Kimball developed a solipsistic worldview, in which he was never sure others existed. Ultimately, though, it was his fear of damnation that became his greatest obsession, driving all the rest of his delusions and fears. He does exhibit a flair for description…: “On summer evenings, I liked to stand on the arroyo side of the house at night, alone, feeling the desert breeze through the tamarisks and smelling the clean desert smells in the warm darkness. The long row of tamarisks, with its tens of thousands of insects of a thousand species, hummed like the telephone network in The Castle, a beautiful, accidental music.’”
Author’s Description:
How to Stop Believing in Hell, describes the narrator's passage from a golden childhood to an adolescence of cringing guilt and religious fear. By the age of thirty, he had become a deranged street person, screaming horrible obscenities on crowded sidewalks in broad daylight. He desperately tried to stop but couldn’t. He was still filled with the fear of Hell. Then he had a spiritual awakening, broke free of his dementia, and learned to act deliberately. A paperback copy of this book can be purchased through my publisher, Chipmunka Publishing at their web site.
The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark by Carl Sagan, Ann Druyan (Goodreads Author)
4.27 · Rating details · 59,893 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17349.The_Demon_Haunted_World How can we make intelligent decisions about our increasingly technology-driven lives if we don’t understand the difference between the myths of pseudoscience and the testable hypotheses of science? Pulitzer Prize-winning author and distinguished astronomer Carl Sagan argues that scientific thinking is critical not only to the pursuit of truth but to the very well-being of our democratic institutions.
Casting a wide net through history and culture, Sagan examines and authoritatively debunks such celebrated fallacies of the past as witchcraft, faith healing, demons, and UFOs. And yet, disturbingly, in today's so-called information age, pseudoscience is burgeoning with stories of alien abduction, channeling past lives, and communal hallucinations commanding growing attention and respect. As Sagan demonstrates with lucid eloquence, the siren song of unreason is not just a cultural wrong turn but a dangerous plunge into darkness that threatens our most basic freedoms.
How to Think about Weird Things: Critical Thinking for a New Age by Theodore Schick Jr. Lewis Vaughn, Martin Gardner (Foreword)
4.00 · Rating details · 530 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/41756.How_to_Think_about_Weird_Things This text serves well as a supplemental text in:
- critical thinking
- logic
- introduction to philosophy
- philosophy of science
- epistemology
- metaphysics
- introduction to psychology
- anomalistic psychology
- perception and cognition
as well as any introductory science course.
It has been used in all of the courses mentioned above as well as introductory biology, introductory physics, and introductory chemistry courses. It could also serve as a main text for courses in evaluation of the paranormal, philosophical implications of the paranormal, occult beliefs, and pseudoscience.
Popular Statistics Naked Statistics: Stripping the Dread from the Data by Charles Wheelan 3.94 · Rating details · 10,367 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17986418-naked-statistics Once considered tedious, the field of statistics is rapidly evolving into a discipline Hal Varian, chief economist at Google, has actually called “sexy.” From batting averages and political polls to game shows and medical research, the real-world application of statistics continues to grow by leaps and bounds. How can we catch schools that cheat on standardized tests? How does Netflix know which movies you’ll like? What is causing the rising incidence of autism? As best-selling author Charles Wheelan shows us in Naked Statistics, the right data and a few well-chosen statistical tools can help us answer these questions and more. For those who slept through Stats 101, this book is a lifesaver. Wheelan strips away the arcane and technical details and focuses on the underlying intuition that drives statistical analysis. He clarifies key concepts such as inference, correlation, and regression analysis, reveals how biased or careless parties can manipulate or misrepresent data, and shows us how brilliant and creative researchers are exploiting the valuable data from natural experiments to tackle thorny questions.
And in Wheelan’s trademark style, there’s not a dull page in sight. You’ll encounter clever Schlitz Beer marketers leveraging basic probability, an International Sausage Festival illuminating the tenets of the central limit theorem, and a head-scratching choice from the famous game show Let’s Make a Deal—and you’ll come away with insights each time. With the wit, accessibility, and sheer fun that turned Naked Economics into a bestseller, Wheelan defies the odds yet again by bringing another essential, formerly unglamorous discipline to life.
The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail—But Some Don't by Nate Silver
3.98 · Rating details · 43,804 ratings · 3,049 reviews
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/13588394-the-signal-and-the-noise One of Wall Street Journal's Best Ten Works of Nonfiction in 2012
New York Times Bestseller
"Not so different in spirit from the way public intellectuals like John Kenneth Galbraith once shaped discussions of economic policy and public figures like Walter Cronkite helped sway opinion on the Vietnam War…could turn out to be one of the more momentous books of the decade." -New York Times Book Review
"Nate Silver's The Signal and the Noise is The Soul of a New Machine for the 21st century." -Rachel Maddow, author of Drift
"A serious treatise about the craft of prediction-without academic mathematics-cheerily aimed at lay readers. Silver's coverage is polymathic, ranging from poker and earthquakes to climate change and terrorism." -New York Review of Books
Nate Silver built an innovative system for predicting baseball performance, predicted the 2008 election within a hair's breadth, and became a national sensation as a blogger-all by the time he was thirty. He solidified his standing as the nation's foremost political forecaster with his near perfect prediction of the 2012 election. Silver is the founder and editor in chief of FiveThirtyEight.com.
Drawing on his own groundbreaking work, Silver examines the world of prediction, investigating how we can distinguish a true signal from a universe of noisy data. Most predictions fail, often at great cost to society, because most of us have a poor understanding of probability and uncertainty. Both experts and laypeople mistake more confident predictions for more accurate ones. But overconfidence is often the reason for failure. If our appreciation of uncertainty improves, our predictions can get better too. This is the "prediction paradox": The more humility we have about our ability to make predictions, the more successful we can be in planning for the future.
In keeping with his own aim to seek truth from data, Silver visits the most successful forecasters in a range of areas, from hurricanes to baseball, from the poker table to the stock market, from Capitol Hill to the NBA. He explains and evaluates how these forecasters think and what bonds they share. What lies behind their success? Are they good-or just lucky? What patterns have they unraveled? And are their forecasts really right? He explores unanticipated commonalities and exposes unexpected juxtapositions. And sometimes, it is not so much how good a prediction is in an absolute sense that matters but how good it is relative to the competition. In other cases, prediction is still a very rudimentary-and dangerous-science.
Silver observes that the most accurate forecasters tend to have a superior command of probability, and they tend to be both humble and hardworking. They distinguish the predictable from the unpredictable, and they notice a thousand little details that lead them closer to the truth. Because of their appreciation of probability, they can distinguish the signal from the noise.
With everything from the health of the global economy to our ability to fight terrorism dependent on the quality of our predictions, Nate Silver's insights are an essential read.
Bayesian Statistics the Fun Way: Understanding Statistics and Probability with Star Wars, Lego, and Rubber Ducks by Will Kurt 4.21 · Rating details · 128 ratings
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/41392893-bayesian-statistics-the-fun-way Fun guide to learning Bayesian statistics and probability through unusual and illustrative examples.
Probability and statistics are increasingly important in a huge range of professions. But many people use data in ways they don't even understand, meaning they aren't getting the most from it. Bayesian Statistics the Fun Way will change that.
This book will give you a complete understanding of Bayesian statistics through simple explanations and un-boring examples. Find out the probability of UFOs landing in your garden, how likely Han Solo is to survive a flight through an asteroid shower, how to win an argument about conspiracy theories, and whether a burglary really was a burglary, to name a few examples.
By using these off-the-beaten-track examples, the author actually makes learning statistics fun. And you'll learn real skills, like how to:
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Next time you find yourself with a sheaf of survey results and no idea what to do with them, turn to Bayesian Statistics the Fun Way to get the most value from your data.
submitted by Annotation. The author examines the situation of a fundamental scientific discovery made by an "unrecognized sectarian [in Russia this word is used to denote a religious cult]" and the possibility of rejection of his formulas by the Russian (scientific) community, which, according to the author, can lead to a "missing component" in Russian exact science, and, as a consequence, to a catastrophic lag in Russian science, education, and as a result of technology, labor productivity, economy and living standards. An analogy is drawn with the discovery of the theory of relativity by Einstein who lived in Nazi Germany. Such a situation really takes place with the author himself, which, according to the author, poses a real and existential threat to Russia. Possible measures for treating this "allergy" are given. Keywords. Religion in Russia, sect, sectarian, Russian science, Russian education, existential threat, interreligious hatred, religious discrimination, Russian fascism, science and religion, religion and science, public opinion, propaganda. 1 Introduction Consider a situation: a society in a part of the world (for example, a country) peremptorily does not accept the views, positions, and reputation of one of its members. This person has made a fundamental scientific discovery. Could this lead to that society will consciously or unconsciously reject his ideas, or it would be “forced” to reject by shame, contempt, moral differences, hatred, and as a result will lose one of the fundamental elements of science? Could the loss of a small part of the exact sciences lead to a catastrophic lag? This situation has really happened in the past with Albert Einstein, who discovered the special (and later also general) theory of relativity in Nazi Germany, which rejected Einstein because of his Jewish origin. Perhaps this was one of the key factors behind Germany's defeat in World War II, since the “absence” of special relativity makes it impossible to develop nuclear weapons. I argue that a similar situation was repeated in post-Soviet Russia. 2 The real situation at a glance I, Porton Victor Lvovich, is born in Perm, currently a citizen of the Russian Federation and Israel. During my first year at Perm State University, I discovered my first new fundamental mathematical formula (more precisely, a new axiom or definition[1] ), which I now call the definition of a funcoid. In the future, based on this formula, I have developed a few hundred pages of fundamental mathematical theory, which I called "algebraic general topology" [1]. In addition, I also developed another (not directly related to topology) fundamental theory, which I called the "axiomatic theory of formulas" [2] . [Notes to the Editor: It may be necessary to postpone the publication of this article until my newer results are published so that there are more relevant bibliographic references.] At the age of 15, I finally converted to the Protestant faith (at that time in its Baptist version). Soon after my conversion, I came to the conclusion that I should call myself a sectarian [the Russian word for a non-“Orthodox” cultist] and religious fanatic. This led to major problems: hunger and beatings. At the moment I live in Israel. 3 Fundamentality and importance of discoveries I will list my main fundamental mathematical discoveries: • definition (and properties) of a funcoid • definition and properties of the so-called filtrators • definition of such things as the action of a partially ordered semigroup, the action of a partially ordered precategory, "space" and "interspace" as an element of such semigroups and precategories ("space in general" in the framework of general topology) • definition and properties of generalization of the limit, defined for an arbitrary function at all points • definition of the basic properties of "point-free funcoids" - generalizations of funcoids • definition of the main properties of "multidimensional" generalizations of funcoids and pointless funcoids • axiomatic description of "infinite formulas" I've also done a number of other (less important) mathematical discoveries related to the above. A feature of the above discoveries is their extraordinary fundamentality for mathematical discoveries made at the end of the 20th and 21st centuries. Namely: • In one of the equivalent definitions (a predicate of two variables δ that is false on empty arguments on sets conforming to the axioms A ∪ B δ C ⇔ A δ C ∨ B δ C and C δ A∪B ⇔ C δ A ∨ C δ B ), the description of the funcoid is comparable simply to the definition of the group, if not simpler than it. Let me remind you that the concept of a group is one of the most fundamental and important concepts in modern mathematics. The funcoid generalizes and simultaneously contains (pre)topological spaces, (quasi)proximity spaces, and (directed) graphs. • The definition of a filtrator is even simpler: a filter is a pair of a partially ordered set and a subset of it (with the induced order). • Surprisingly, the actions of partially ordered semigroups and precategories were not investigated (this concept was not found at all on the Internet) before me. My "space in general" generalizes and contains at least all kinds of spaces of general topology: funcoids ((pre)topological spaces, (quasi)proximity spaces, as well as (directed) graphs), (quasi)uniform spaces, (quasi)metric spaces, locales, and frames. • The generalization of the limit for an arbitrary function makes it obvious the definitions of the derivative and integral of an arbitrary function, the sum of an arbitrary series, which makes possible a new branch of functional analysis that studies hitherto unknown properties of nondifferentiable and discontinuous functions. • The axiomatic description of formulas is also not inferior in simplicity to the definition of a group. The importance of the discoveries: • Obviously, fundamental mathematical discoveries are important. • Algebraic general topology is a breakthrough (and beyond) in research in the field of general topology (which by many scientists were considered mostly completed and the continuation of the research was considered unpromising). General topology is the basis of algebraic and differential topology, mathematical and functional analysis, that is, a "good" half of modern mathematics, as well as physics, engineering, apparently also economics and, possibly[2], statistics. • The generalization of the limit opens up tremendous possibilities in mathematical and functional analysis, which is the base for physics, engineering, economics, etc. It is not excluded (and in the author's opinion it is very likely) that future physics will be entirely based on the concept of a generalized limit introduced by the author. It is viable to suppose that the discovery of discontinuous analysis by the author is as important as the discovery of (continuous and differentiable) mathematical analysis by Isaac Newton. • The axiomatic description of formulas, perhaps (this issue has not yet been investigated), makes it possible to describe the whole electronic circuit as one “whole” formula, which means, perhaps, it will open up new methods for designing microcircuits, their optimization and expanding capabilities. It is not excluded (and in the opinion of the author it is very likely) that future electronics will be entirely based on the author's theory of formulas. The same can be applied to other areas of computer science. 4 What the lack of formulas can lead to It is a known fact [3] that mathematics is in a sense like a building, consisting of more fundamental parts and "superstructures" that cannot be built without a foundation. However, some parts mutually support each other. But in general, the division into more fundamental and less fundamental parts of mathematics clearly makes sense (although, apparently, still poorly researched and defined). Be that as it may, my mathematical research clearly belongs to the "foundation". The absence of a part of the foundation makes further "construction" extremely difficult, makes it hopeless, virtually impossible in some future. Let me give you an analogy: As you know, in a modern TV set there are several billions transistors, a failure of even one of them can lead to a complete lack of TV functionality. Another analogy: one "wrong" base in DNA can lead to deformity or death of a biological organism. Based on modern ideas about the building of mathematics, as well as the above analogies, it seems scientifically justified to assume that absence, for some reason, of even one fundamental formula in the culture of a country may lead to its catastrophic lag in development (economic dependence, slavery, military defeat, disappearance) in the future. Speaking about the future, it is natural to expect that this can happen within several decades (I remind you that the speed of development of technology and science tends to accelerate exponentially!) 5 "Cultist" Sect concept The concept of a sect is not a scientific term and is used mainly by propagandists in order to speak offensively about someone. In Russia, however, even the so-called religious scholars are actively conducting anti-sectarian propaganda [4], which, according to the author, is nothing more than a state-funded pseudoscience. However, some give this concept a more or less scientific definition “a sect is a closed religious group opposing itself to the main culture-forming religious community (or the main communities) of a country or region” [5] . This definition does not conform to the generally accepted one ("a religious, political, philosophical or other group, sometimes separated from the mainstream and opposing it, or an indication of an organized tradition that has its founder and a special teaching" [6]), but more accurately reflects the use of this word among the people and "anti-sectarian" propagandists. "Confession" of the author I am a Protestant. First I became a Baptist, then I transferred to the Church of Christians of the Evangelical Faith. Now I profess a new religion [7], that emerged as a reaction to religious discrimination. I believed that I should openly declare my faith: (Luke 9: 6) "For whoever is ashamed of me and my words, the Son of man will be ashamed when he comes in his glory both of the Father and the holy angels" and (Mark 8:38) "For whoever is ashamed of Me and My words in this adulterous and sinful generation, the Son of Man will also be ashamed of him when he comes in the glory of His Father with the holy Angels." Moreover, I "abbreviated" my confession: "I am a sectarian," "I am a religious fanatic." I considered the word "sectarian" as one of Christ's words, because the Gospel, 2 Cor. 6:17 contains the word "separate," the Greek root of which has the same meaning as the root of the word "sectarian." I considered the word “fanatic” one of Christ’s words, because the Bible says (Rev. 3:19) “be zealous”, and “jealous” and “fanatic” are words with a root similar meaning. Since Jesus demanded to confess his words "in this adulterous and sinful generation," I considered it necessary to use the word "sect", and not the words about "Protestant" that are incomprehensible to the majority of the "adulterous and sinful generation" [of Russians]. I propose to conduct a scientific experiment (it can be dangerous to the life and health of the experimenter!) : Write the word "sectarian" on a cap or T-shirt and try to enter some [Russian] institution or other room with people. The hypothesis is that you will not succeed. According to the author, as punishment for "sectarianism" his mother stopped feeding him, hit him several times (at intervals of several days or weeks) with a frying pan by the head, and then kicked him out of the house (the mother does not remember this, we consider each other to be people with memory problems). Claiming that he is a sectarian and religious fanatic and calling people "sinners" the author could not get any help and continued to die of hunger. The author ate grass on the street (by the way, my first new formula, the definition of funcoid, was discovered precisely after such a "meal"[3]). Then my mother, for some unknown reason (perhaps her brain was overloaded with excessive anger and she lost her memory or she was afraid of criminal liability), allowed me to return to the apartment and provided me with enough food to survive. In general, during his studies in high school and university, the author was on the verge of starving to death several times and experienced other hardships (for example, sometimes lack of paper). I had to stop studying at the university, mainly in order to be recognized as mentally disabled and not starve to death due to the inability to find a job. In short, I have at the initiative of Jesus blocked my sense of shame, that protects people from discrimination and probable death from starvation because of discrimination. 6 Features of the author's religion Some of the author's public statements: • On August 8, 1995 I was instantly healed by Christ from severe delirium, hallucinations and fits of anger, loss of the ability to read and count. • To save my formulas and punish the “fascists” (see below) I began to pray and make wishes about a thermonuclear war with the aim of destroying Russia. During the "war" to destabilize the situation in the world to create an opportunity for an attack on Russia, I said "Destroy two skyscrapers [in the USA]" by airplanes), which happened later. • For the fact that people (and religious organizations) did not accept my statement that the Old Testament should be read without vocalizations[4], and “punished” me with hunger and other hardships, said “let there be coronavirus” and other (more terrible) curses. • Engaged in astral sex with St. Mary with the aim of offending Russia ("fuck His mother" is a famous Russian curse) lead so by God. • (Mistakenly) predicted the destruction of Perm by nuclear weapons as punishment for the fact that the love with Maria was not recognized. Then I walked around the city and shouted "Russian animals, Christ has decided to kill you, nuclear war is coming soon!" • I consider all people to be freaks infected with a virus that affects the brain . • I argue that a period of about a month or two has been temporarily healed from the virus and turned into a superhero (with a brain-computer superior to the rest of humanity, gigantic strength and speed, as well as other superpowers). Thus, it is clear that my conflict with the Russian society in a sense has reached an extreme form. In my opinion, even the "Osama bin Laden’s formula" (if such one existed) would be a lesser threat to Russia than I, because Osama bin Laden belonged to the "traditional" [I refer to wording of a Russian legal law] religion (Islam), which means it is less "terrible" for Russians than I am, a person of a "non-traditional" religion ("sect" in the Russian vernacular). It's just that Osama bin Laden is less despised than me, and it is contempt that is dangerous. This is the case when the threat of the use of nuclear weapons (regardless of its reality) can be as dangerous for the economy of a country as its actual use. 7 The analogy with Nazi Germany The analogy to fascist Germany is obvious. Similarities and differences: • Important fundamental scientific discoveries. • The author belongs to a social group hated by the people. • Einstein was persecuted on a national basis, and I on a religious basis. • The persecution of Jews in Nazi Germany was reflected in official documents, the persecution of "sectarians" (primarily Protestants) in Russia is not officially recognized. • Einstein's discoveries relate to physics, mine to abstract mathematics. • Einstein discovered SRT, when the discovery was "ripe", I discovered funcoids about 60 years later than it was possible to do. • If Einstein had not been able to leave in time and ended up in a death camp, he probably would have suffered less than me, because in death camps they did not beat them by the head with pans, but only did not feed them. Open-ended question: How many Protestants have starved to death in post-Soviet Russia due to religious discrimination? It is a well-known fact that a person "caught" in sectarianism is usually fired from his job, and people without work often die of hunger. As I already wrote, it is worthwhile for an experiment (dangerous for the life and health of the experimenter!) To write the word “sectarian” on a T-shirt or cap and try to enter some institution. If this fails, the experiment will confirm my personal experience of the analogy "Dogs and sectarians are not allowed in" with Nazi Germany. In fascist Germany, the "problem" with Einstein was "solved" by the proclamation that SRT was discovered by "Aryan" scientists. In modern Russia, such a measure is impossible due to the prevalence of the Internet, including the blockchain, in which it is recorded that I am the discoverer of these theories. 8 Attempt at psychoanalysis I confess that I am not an educated psychologist or psychoanalyst, but due to the lack of other research on this topic, I will state my opinion on whether Russia may be deprived of my formulas. One should distinguish between conscience and shame [8] : The difference between shame and guilt is that guilt arises when a person has repented for what he did. That is, it became unpleasant for him that he had done this act. This is an internal state. At this moment, a person usually lowers his head, goes inside himself and begins to experience emotions. Shame arises only when there are witnesses. This is a feeling of fear of being rejected, not accepted by society. Shame can arise when we are different from others. The shame of Russians in front of sectarians is definitely not conscience, it is closer to shame; perhaps a more accurate word is contempt. Judging from my experience, most Russians despise sectarians precisely because we do not drink, do not sleep with other people's wives, etc. For this we are despised. This can be a sublimated conscience, namely the transfer of one's own pangs of conscience to the shame of another object (sectarian) in order to get rid of the pangs of conscience. Shame and contempt are often strong feelings: judging from my experience, the degree of contempt for sectarians, apparently, reaches a numerical overflow in the brain: people start screaming (including insults), fight, in general, react inadequately when they come to the conclusion, that interact with the "sectarian". In my opinion, these strong feelings and the supposed numerical overflow in the brain caused by these feelings pose a threat to Russia as a power. The desire to get rid of everything connected with the object of hatred and contempt by the "sect" can outweigh rational motives and lead to the suppression of my formulas in Russia by certain information dissemination agencies, which means a catastrophic lag in Russia. Thus, in this case, shame has become a serious pathology of Russian society. This is very similar to an allergy: society rejects its own members. An example of this pathology is that the judge Solopova Olga has not opened a civil case, when I filed a claim for compensation. Thus, it has been proven that the shame of sectarianism can outweigh the requirements of Russian and international legislation. As a treatment for pathological shame and contempt, I propose to supplant them with conscience. In other words, Russian society must recognize discrimination, the killing of Protestants by hunger. The disease is serious and the treatment should be radical: it is necessary at the highest level, to use the word "fascism" and "genocid" to describe the attitude of Russians to the "sectarians". Perhaps it makes sense to apply the same legal norms to the “concept” of “sect” as to the “concept” of “Jew”. It should be officially recognized that the ROC was actually a state church and, accordingly, the illegality of the existing state funding of religious propaganda. The activation of conscience (in order to mitigate the shame) must be accompanied by concrete actions (payment of compensation), otherwise the ousting of shame may become unstable and Russia will perish. 9 Analogy with the Roman Empire The author also puts forward the following scientific hypothesis about the reasons for the death of the Roman Empire: Jesus, called Christ, set the goal of destroying the Roman Empire in order to liberate Israel, which it conquered at that time. He came up with an ingenious plan: he gave the students highly moral (in the sense, beneficial for a society that observes them) commandments and such life principles that they were to be hated by the Romans. As a result, everything Christian, including Christian morality and the works of Christian philosophers, were rejected by the Romans. In accordance with Jesus' plan, this led to the degradation of Roman morality and philosophy. Literally, the demoralized Roman society was unable to resist the barbarians, whose development was not to the same extent limited (In the author's opinion, the persecution of Christians by the barbarians was not as significant as the “persecution of Christians by barbarians” (in Russian language) gives only four results in Google as of 12 Dec 2020, with at least two of them referring to the irrelevantly late date, 476). It should be noted that the Christianization of the Roman Empire (if the word “Christianity” is appropriate here, since the later religion of the Roman Empire had little to do with the teachings of such figures as Jesus and the Apostle Paul) did not lead to an improvement in the attitude of the Romans towards Israel: Judging by the surviving written records, starting from the II century, anti-Judaism in the Christian environment increased. Characteristic are the Epistle of Barnabas, the Word about the Passover of Meliton of Sardis, and later some passages from the works of John Chrysostom, Ambrose of Mediolan and some others. A specific feature of Christian anti-Judaism was the repeated accusation of the Jews of Deicide from the very beginning of its existence. Their other "crimes" were also named - their stubborn and malicious rejection of Christ and his teachings, lifestyle and lifestyle, profanation of Holy Communion, poisoning of wells, ritual murders, creating a direct threat to the spiritual and physical life of Christians. It was argued that the Jews, as a people accursed and punished by God, should be doomed to a “humiliating way of life” (Blessed Augustine) in order to become witnesses of the truth of Christianity. ... After the Edict of Milan (313) by the emperors Constantine and Licinius, who proclaimed a policy of official tolerance towards Christians, the influence of the Church in the empire steadily increased. The formation of the Church as a state institution entailed social discrimination against Jews, persecutions and pogroms committed by Christians with the blessing of the Church or inspired by the church hierarchy. So, according to Jesus' supposed plan, the destruction of the Roman Empire was still necessary. Will the fate of the Roman Empire come to Russia, too? We are witnessing a terrible loss of morality by Russians: the meaning of life for most of them is pleasure or personal money, theft is considered a virtue, almost all television movies about how Machiavellians do evil, and in fact are propaganda of evil. Usually, those who call themselves Orthodox simply observe religious rites in order to increase their "karma", without any purpose to serve God or do good, and are quite ready to go over to the side of the devil if he pays more (they are Satanists in accordance with the section "Satanism as a subculture» article [9]). The author assumes that the reason for this is hatred of "sectarian" morality, which, as you know, includes the rejection of theft, drunkenness, fights, swearing, etc. Bibliography 1: Victor Porton, Algebraic General Topology, 2019 2: Victor Porton, Axiomatic Theory of Formulas, 2020 3: авторы Википедии, Основания математики, 13 октября 2020 05:10 UTC,
https://ru.wikipedia.org/?curid=2509222&oldid=109846469 4: Дворкин А. Л., Религиовед: В Калининграде действует 30 крупных и сотня мелких сект, 1 марта 2014 5: Дворкин А. Л., Сектоведение. Тоталитарные секты. Опыт систематического исследования., 2007 6: авторы Википедии, Секта, 11 сентября 2020 05:09 UTC,
https://ru.wikipedia.org/?curid=12654&oldid=109213549 7: Victor Porton, End of Gospel, 8: nasch-mir.ru, Чем являются совесть и стыд для человека?, ,
https://nasch-mir.ru/sovest-i-styid/ [1] I will not analyze the difference between the axiom and the definition, since it is: a. does not correspond to the subject of the magazine; b. is not important for the topic of the article. [2] The author does not have sufficient expertise in an l asti statistics. [3] It should not be assumed that the possible narcotic effect of the herb helped me to discover the funkoids: I had only the last step to discover, since I had been thinking about this topic for several months before. [4] A special form of vowel letters in languages such as Hebrew.
submitted by How to write bibliography ?? ;( Get the answers you need, now! What is the meaning of bibliography - 34478041 sloganath7 is waiting for your help. Add your answer and earn points. 12. The word "bibliography" originated from the Greek words 'biblion' meaning a book and 'graphia? - 24892529 The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link billions of devices worldwide. Ang bibliography, sa modernong panahon ay ang listahan ng mga akdang ginamit sa isang pananaliksik.Ito ay karaniwang nilalagay sa pinakahuling bahagi ng isang saliksik. Ang bibliography din ay isang disiplina na tumutukoy sa pag aaral nga mga libro bilang mga pisikal at kultural na mga bagay. Knowing the difference between reference and bibliography will help you to understand what to include in your assignment. Reference, implies referring to someone or something, that means it provides the list of sources, whose text are used in the assignment or research work. Conversely, bibliography represents the list of all the sources, from which the research has gained some information I believe writing a bibliography is important because? - 17881712 dimacutacpauljustine is waiting for your help. Add your answer and earn points. Bibliography is '' sandarbhsoochi'' in hindi. so, the heading and the starting line will be like this --- संदर्भसूची इस परियोजना की समस्त जानकारी निम्नलिखित स्रोतों से ली गई है : 1. 2. 3. and so on. The answer is letter D.write.. A bibliography is a collection of printed and electronic information sources that are referred to in academic writing like an essay, term paper, dissertation, or book. The bibliography is placed at the end of any written work. The bibliography displays the list of references in alphabetical order, regardless of format. The main purpose of a bibliography is to A bibliography is a list of works on a subject or by an author that were used or consulted to write a research paper, book or article. It can also be referred to as a list of works cited. It is usually found at the end of a book, article or research paper. Gathering Information.
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